Should I Use Cash or Credit?

To use or not to use credit for a major purchase is an important decision. There is a nifty process in making such decisions-one that has been useful to many young people. They have used it not only for credit decisions but also for other major decisions, such as whether or not to take a particular job or what college to attend. In this lesson, we will look at this process and help you apply it. We’ll also look at the pros and cons for using credit.

Juan wanted a brand-name jacket. The one he wanted was priced at $400. He knew his friends would be envious if he bought the jacket. But he had a problem-no cash. He did have a credit card, because his mother guaranteed him, he could not get a credit card on his own, being a minor. Juan’s mother made it quite clear that he would have to provide the cash for whatever he bought. The card carries an 18% APR on unpaid balances. Juan figured he could afford to pay $15 a month on the account. Tough decision: should he buy the jacket using the credit card or not?

To use or not to use credit for a major purchase is an important decision. There is a nifty process in making such decisions-one that has been useful to many young people. They have used it not only for credit decisions but also for other major decisions, such as whether or not to take a particular job or what college to attend. In this lesson, we will look at this process and help you apply it. We’ll also look at the pros and cons for using credit.

In the case of any decision, almost any choice you make will have its advantages and disadvantages. When making one choice over a second-best choice, you generally give up some advantage(s). This giving up of one thing in order to get another is called opportunity cost. For example, if Melissa chooses to work out at the gym instead of watching her favorite television show, she has made a choice and incurred an opportunity cost. On this particular evening, she thinks feeling better because of exercise is more advantageous than the entertainment she could gain from the television show. Sound familiar? Indicate a choice that you recently made which involved giving up an attractive second-best choice. Tell why you made the choice despite the opportunity cost it involved.

Using the concept of opportunity cost helps provide a good framework for decision making. The concept says, in effect, that there is no “perfect” choice. When making any choice, you are always giving up something-your second-best choice. The key to making wise choices is to think them thorough understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each choice and choosing the one, which is more beneficial, not necessarily perfect, for you.

• Understand the differences between buying with credit and delaying a purchase.
• Analyze the risks of using credit cards.

• Decision-Making Grid: This chart allows students to figure out the difference between buying with credit and delaying the purchase.
  www.econedlink.org/lessons/docs_lessons/158_Decision-Making%20Process.pdf
• Consumer Credit Counseling Service: At this website, students use an interest calculator in order to determine how much the credit card payoff would total.
  www.cccsatl.org/
• Problem Solving Process Sheet: Students can use this chart to analyze whether or not using a credit card would be a smart decision in different situation.
  www.econedlink.org/lessons/docs_lessons/158_dmp_grid.pdf

Opportunity Cost in the Problem-Solving Process

Opportunity cost is an important element in the problem-solving process. As its name implies, the problem-solving process is used to solve problems. It can and should be used with any problem, including making consumer choices such as whether to use credit. For some decisions, individuals go through the process mentally without making any written notes. For major decisions, we recommend that you follow the procedures by writing down replies to each one of the procedures. Let’s go through the process using Juan, who at the beginning of this lesson was faced with the problem of whether he should buy a jacket right now, using credit, or wait until later.

What is the Nature of the Problem?

It is important to be clear about what the problem is. In this case, the problem is not which jacket Juan should buy. Juan knows that he wants a specific coat, which has a definite price. The problem is whether Juan should buy the jacket now, with his mother’s credit card, or wait until later. If he buys it, he’ll have to use credit; he doesn’t have enough cash to buy it outright, and his parents and other relatives do not seem interested in buying it for him. Making sure that you describe the right problem is the first step for quality problem solving.

Complete this form of the decision-making grid as we work through the process. To get started, describe in your own words the nature of Juan’s.

Decision-Making Grid

1. What is the nature of Juan’s problem? [To buy the jacket on credit right now or wait until later.]
2. What are the alternatives for solving the problem? Please put them in the first column.
3. What are the criteria to use in evaluating the alternatives? Write them in the row marked Criteria.
4. Evaluate each of the alternatives according to the criteria by putting a “+” in the cell if it looks good according to the criterion, a “-” if it doesn’t look good according to the criterion, and “0” if it has no effect
5. Make a selection. Indicate your choice and the reasons for your choice. [Answers will vary, depending on the value/goals of the student.]

What are the Alternatives for Solving the Problem?

The alternatives are the choices available to deal with the problem. In Juan’s case, there are two alternatives:

1. Buying the jacket with his credit card
2. Delaying the purchase of the jacket

Please write these alternatives in the column on the grid market ALTERNATIVES.

What are the Criteria for Evaluating the Alternatives?

This sounds complicated, but it isn’t. Criteria are standards by which you judge something. For example, when buying a new pair of sneakers, what are the standards that you use in evaluating each pair of sneakers? Price, comfort, appearance, name recognition.

Similarly, there are some general criteria that should be used in judging whether to buy an item on credit. All of these criteria may be used when making credit decisions but some may not be needed in Juan’s situation. You will be the judge of that. As you read through the criteria, select the ones, which are most appropriate for Juan and place them in the spaces along the top of the grid.

1. Immediacy of Use. Buying on credit instead of waiting to save enough cash to pay for the item enables the consumer to have the item right away. Through buying on credit, consumers can use the item while they are paying for it. Do you think this is a criterion that Juan would use to decide whether he should buy the ski jacket now? If so, enter it as one of the criteria at the top of the grid.
2. No Interest Costs. As indicated in Lesson 1, buying something on credit does not mean one has paid for it. Buying on credit means the buyer is delaying payment. Since the buyer is using someone else’s money for a period of time, there is generally an extra cost to the buyer, called interest. This extra cost means that an item bought on credit will cost more than the same item purchased at the same time for cash.

Let’s see how much interest Juan might pay on this purchase of a jacket, using an interest calculator. Go here , press calculators and then hit credit card payoff. For each situation, fill in the interest rate, the amount of the loan, and the amount of each monthly payment. There will be no extra payments. Then press the calculation link. In the blank space provided in the table, indicate how many months it will take to pay off the loan, the amount of interest that will be paid, and the total amount of money paid for the item (which would include its price and the interest).

Look at the data and answer the following questions:

1. For which item(s) is the interest equal to 25% of the price of the item? [OPTION 2]
2. For which item(s) is the interest equal to 20 to 25% of the price of the item? [OPTIONS 1, 2, & 4]
3. Why is the total amount of interest for option 3 less than for option l? [The amount which is paid each month is greater, which means the amount outstanding is less each month.]
4. Do you think that credit adds a lot of cost to buying an item? [ Answers will vary but most students will indicate that credit can add considerably to the cost of an item.]
5. If you believe that the cost of credit card credit is high, why do you believe that most people still use it? [Because of its convenience, people want to get an item when they want it, not when they have the cash to pay for it. ]
6. Do you think the Annual Percentage Rate used in the table is unrealistic? [Not really. Many credit cards carry a 15 to 20% interest rate.]
7. Do you believe that Juan should consider cost as a criterion in making his decision? If so, add it to the row of criteria on the grid.

3. Convenience of purchase. Convenience of purchase is another reason that individuals use credit. Buying an article of clothing in a store on credit is much more convenient than using cash. With cash, one has to make sure of having sufficient cash before going to the store. When charging a purchase, all you need is a credit card or some other store procedure, which makes the purchase very easy.If you believe convenience is a criterion Juan should use in making his decision, place it on the grid.
4. Less risk of losing cash at time of purchase. Another reason people use credit is that it is less risky at time of purchase than when using cash. When shopping for an expensive item, individuals who use cash have to worry about someone stealing it. But according to law, one who loses a credit card, is liable for $50 of charges if unauthorized purchases are made before to the holder informs the card company of the loss or theft. The cardholder is not liable for any charges if the card company is informed the loss before any additional unauthorized purchases are made.If you believe that less risk is a criterion, Juan, add it to the list of criteria on the grid.
5. Free use of someone’s money. In some instances, people use credit to use someone else’s money for a period of time at no extra cost to them. Individuals purchasing items on credit at the beginning of the billing cycle may not have to pay for the item until 25 days after the billing is done. Generally, firms do not require individuals to pay interest on a charge purchase if they pay off the debt by the end of the billing cycle. The buyer then gets to use someone else’s money for that period of time which is 50 to 60 days.If you think that the free use of someone’s money is a criterion Juan, add it to the list of criteria on the grid.
6. Effect on development of good credit rating. Another reason some people use credit, especially young people, is to develop a good credit rating. Those who believe this is important want to be known as responsible, reliable and trustworthy so that they can secure credit for larger consumer purchases-such as automobiles and houses-in the future.If you believe that developing a good credit rating is a criterion Juan should use, add it to the grid.
7. Decreased cost due to sale. Some people use credit when there is a good sale on items. In many instances, they pay less because the savings from the sale exceed their credit charges.If you believe this is a criterion Juan should use, add it to the grid.
8. Freedom to use future income. As indicated earlier, loans received from others must be repaid with interest. When individuals use credit, they are saying that they will pay for the item in the future-both the loan and the interest. Individuals considering credit purchases must decide whether the additional demand on their future income is worth it.If you believe this is a criterion Juan, add it to the grid.

All of the criteria we have looked at thus far relate to using credit. There might well be other reasons why Juan would want or not want to purchase the jacket right now. These might include “sharp dresser,” “encourage confidence,” and “keep up with peers,” on the positive side, as well as “encourage theft” and “too dressy” on the negative. Add other criteria that might be important to the decision-making grid.

How well does each alternative look in relationship to the criteria?

The fourth step in the problem-solving process is to evaluate each of the alternatives in relationship to the criteria. One way to do this is to put a plus when the alternative meets a criterion and a minus when it does not meet it. (Or put an “O” when the alternative has nothing to do with a given criterion. For example, buying on credit has a negative effect, “-“, on freedom to use future income because part of future income has to be used to pay the debt. It has a positive effect on delaying payment, “+,” because there is no immediate claim against income.

What is your Decision?

This is when you review the analysis and determine which is the best choice. Look at the decision-making sheet and decide what you believe Juan should do. Write that answer on the following line, giving your reason(s) for choosing that alternative.

Alternative:_____________________________________

Reasons:________________________________________________________________

Often, the alternative, which has the most pluses, is not the one that people choose. Why might that be the case? [More weight might be given to one criterion than others.] For example, if Juan just had to have the jacket, knowing that he will wear it a lot, he might put more emphasis on the “immediacy of use” criterion more than on the cost of credit and the effect on his future income. Tradeoffs, which is related to opportunity costs, fits in well here. If Juan decides to use his credit card to purchase the jacket, he is trading off future income and paying more for the jacket in order to start using it right now.

From the list of criteria, develop a listing of what you believe the advantages and disadvantages are for using credit.

Use the Problem-Solving Process Sheet for solving the following problem:

Melody has just graduated from college and has her first job. She has a good income, but she needs some furniture for her apartment. She has never purchased anything on credit. She sees some furniture on sale for $2,000 and would like to purchase it, but she does not have the cash. She wonders if she should still purchase the furniture?

After doing the analysis, indicate your decision and why you made that choice. In your discussion, tell what criteria you believed were the most important in making the decision.